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Controlling the Impact of Humidity

There is a widespread misconception that any moisture worsens powder properties, but in practice all materials respond differently. This article examines efficient methods for quantifying the impact of humidity and presents illustrative data for limestone and microcrystalline cellulose, two very different industrially important powders.

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The Influence of Particle Size and Shape on Powder Flow Behaviour

The size and shape of the particles are important factors in influencing powder behaviour.

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利润可观的粉体加工工艺:使用FT4粉体流变仪提高工作效率

本白皮书总结了一些关键原因最常验证投资FT4粉体流变仪的合理性,并突出了仪器生成的数据所带来的回报。

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効率的な粉体のプロセス:パウダーレオメータFT4による効率向上

我々は20年近くにわたり、最も要求の厳しい粉末処理の課題と、パウダーレオメータFT4がどのようにその解決策を促進したかについて学びました。 このホワイトペーパーは、パウダーレオメータFT4への投資を正当化する主な理由のいくつかを要約し、FT4が生成する価値あるデータを紹介します。

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Der Einfluss von Lagerung und Handhabung (The Influence of Storage and Handling)

Dieser Anwendungshinweis befasst sich mit der Bewertung von Massenhilfsstoffen für die Tablettierung und den Auswirkungen von Lager- und Handhabungsbedingungen.

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粉体試験の価値

シリーズ3本目となる本冊子では、開発から量産に至るまでのさまざまな環境に粉体試験を提供し、多くの業界に実質的な利益をもたらしてきたFreeman Technologyの幅広い知見や経験をご紹介します。本冊子が、お客様の用途に適した試験技術とは何かを確認する際の指針となれば幸いです。

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粉体試験装置の選択

本冊子が、お客様の要件を満たすのに最適な粉体分析装置の選択における実用的な指針となれば幸いです.

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粉体测试的价值

本手册是该系列的第三本,是Freeman Technology使用粉体测试技术为不同行业从研发到生产带来实质性回报的丰富经验结晶。我希望它能为您在评估应用中的测试技术方面提供一些指导。

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选择粉体测试仪

是该系列的第二本,是Freeman Technology使用粉体测试技术解决工业问题的丰富经验结晶。我希望它能够为您在选择最适合您特定需求的粉体测试仪方面提供一些实用指南。

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Investing in Powder Testing Equipment

In this article, we consider how powder testing can deliver value focusing on the features of off-line and at-line testers. The goal is to support sound decision-making based on rigorous economic assessment.

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Relating Powder Property Measurements to Efficient Equipment Selection

This article describes three case studies where multifaceted powder characterisation was critical to determining the right process equipment.

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Powder Flow Testing for Granulation Processes

In this booklet we consider the challenges posed by granulation and examine analytical strategies that support its successful application, focusing on the value of bulk powder characterisation. Case study data illustrate the potential benefits of this approach.

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Profitable Pulververarbeitung: Verbesserung der Effizienz mit dem FT4 Powder Rheometer

Dieses Whitepaper fasst einige der wichtigsten Gründe zusammen, die eine Investition in ein FT4 Powder Rheometer rechtfertigen, und führt die Vorteile auf, die sich durch die vom Instrument generierten Daten ergeben.

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Understanding Powders Whitepaper (LinkedIn Series)

This booklet collates a series of posts which appeared on LinkedIn that address common powder flow questions, from the standpoint of current knowledge and good practice. Beginning with material that summarises what we now understand about powders, focusing on powder flowability, a critical parameter for many processes.

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使用FT4粉体流变仪评价固结情况 (Evaluating Consolidation using the FT4 Powder Rheometer)

粉层发生固结的原因很多,例如运输或加工过程中的固结多数由于振动造成,此时粉体受到法向和侧向的应力。一般使用自动振实仪进行模拟,振动敲击量筒中的粉体,致使颗粒的堆积状态重排。存储过程中也会发生固结,粉体主要受到与自身重量相关的正应力。可以使用透气压头对粉体材料直接施压,模拟正应力作用引发固结来实现测试。

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Evaluating Consolidation using the FT4 Powder Rheometer

The consolidation of a powder bed can occur in different ways. Consolidation during a transportation or processing can be due to vibration, with powder subject to normal and lateral stresses. This is often simulated by using a jolting volumeter or autotapper to tap a powder sample within a cylinder which causes rearrangement of the particle packing structure. Consolidation can also occur during storage where a powder is primarily subject to the normal stress associated with its own weight. To simulate this in a test, materials can be consolidated by applying a direct pressure using a piston, for example.

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Evaluation of Mixing using Positron Emission Tomography

This application note considers the information required to improve a blending process and highlights the value of dynamic powder testing in this context. Correlations of PET data with flow energy measurements suggest that dynamic data may be a reliable predictor of blending behaviour and consequently useful for the development and optimisation of blending processes.

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FT4 Powder Rheometer Brochure - Spanish

El FT4 Powder Rheometer fue originalmente diseñado para caracterizar la reología, es decir las propiedades de flujo, de los polvos. Esta es aún su función primaria, pero el instrumento, accesorios y metodologías han evolucionado al punto que el FT4 es ahora considerado un testeador de polvos universal.

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FT4 Powder Rheometer Brochure - CHS

在最初设计FT4粉体流变仪时,主要是针对粉体的流变,或者粉体流动性质的表征。至今这仍然是FT4的主要测试手段之一。但是,经过对仪器本身,附件以及测试方法持续地完善,FT4现在已经发展成为一台多功能粉体性质测试仪器。

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FT4 Powder Rheometer Brochure - JPN

パウダーレオメータFT4は、 粉体の流動特性を評価するために開発され、その後開発を重ねながら継続的に測定項目を拡大してきました。 現在では、 ユニバーサルな粉体流動性評価装置となりました。

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FT4 Powder Rheometer Brochure - Korean

Blade가 파우더 사이를 통과하며 흐름특성을 파악하고 저항력을 측정하는 ‘FT4 Powder Rheometer’는 네 가지 분석 방법을 이용할 수 있다.

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FT4 Powder Rheometer Brochure - DEU

Das FT4 Pulver Rheometer wurde ursprünglich dafür entwickelt die Rheologie oder Fließeigenschaften von Pulvern zu charakterisieren. Dies ist heute immer noch eine primäre Funktion, aber das Instrument, Zubehör und Methoden des FT4 wurden kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt, um einen universellen Pulvertester zu generieren.

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FT4 Powder Rheometer - FR

Le FT4 Powder Rheometer a été conçu à l’origine pour caractériser la rhéologie ou les propriétés d’écoulement des poudres. Cela reste une fonction principale aujourd’hui, mais l’instrument, les accessoires et les méthodologies ont été continuellement développés au point que le FT4 est désormais considéré comme un analyseur de poudre universel.

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Webinar - Working with Powders

Webinar Recording - Working with Powders: How Comprehensive Powder Characterisation can Optimise your Process

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使用FT4粉体流变仪优化单元操作 (Optimising Unit Operations using the FT4 Powder Rheometer)

采用多种单元操作处理粉体。这些材料总是受到各种条件的影响,从料斗中观察到的相对较高和静态的正应力到流化过程中遇到的低应力和动态条件。因此,全面了解松装材料在各种条件下以及流动的各个阶段(无论是静止、运动还是即将移动)的行为,对于设计和监控单元操作和给定流程的输送系统至关重要。

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松装粉体简单流动性表征和粒度测试的局限性 (Limitations of Simple Powder Flow Measurements and Particle Size Analysis for Bulk Powder Characterisation)

这项工作涉及将疏水性表面涂层应用于精细的铝颗粒,并广泛的表征所得的材料。这些数据说明了当粒度不变时粉体流动性如何发生实际性的改变,并证明了简易流动测试技术在评估流动性变化如何影响工艺性能方面的局限性。

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使用FT4粉体流变仪支持生产 (Manufacturing Support using the FT4 Powder Rheometer)

粉体流变学广泛应用于各个行业,支持新产品的研发和制造。通过对粉体流变学的投资,生产现场可以根据所测得的粉体特性与加工表现之间的相关性,建立起对生产工艺和单元操作的理解。

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使用FT4测试粗颗粒 (Testing Large Particles with the FT4)

FT4使用自定义的测试程序和定制的附件组合,可以成功表征含有大颗粒(毫米范围内)或极高纵横比的材料。结果信息可以与实际的工艺条件关联,以提高效率,帮助质量控制。

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粉体入門 (An Introduction to Powders)

粉体が「悪い」とする向きもありますが、実際には単にその挙動を理解していないことに起因すると言うのが正確です。粉体の挙動を十分に理解することは、量産プロセスの最適化、品質の高い製品の開発、および最適な粉体特性評価手法の選択にとって不可欠な基本的要素です。

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粉体简介 (An Introduction to Powders)

不管是作为原材料、中间产品还是最终产品,粉体都是大量工业过程中不可或缺的成分,占据了所有制造商品中约80%。尽管它们普遍存在,但在产品开发、制造和质量保证中,我们仍面临着许多挑战。粉体常常被打上“不好”的标签,而实际上,更准确地说,这只是因为我们对它们的特性不够了解。充分了解粉体特性是生产工艺优化、高质量产品开发及选择合适的粉体特性方法的最关键基础。

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Eine Einfuehrung in Pulver (An Introduction to Powders)

Diese Broschüre bietet eine klare und praktische Einführung in die Charakterisierung von Pulvern. Sie wurde für diejenigen geschrieben, die neu auf dem Gebiet sind oder Erfahrung im Umgang mit Pulvern haben und nach neuen Erkenntnissen suchen.

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Using Powder Testing to Optimise the Processing Characteristics of Amorphous Solid Dispersions

This note summarises work by researchers at the Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland to address the issue of characterising ASDs to rationalise and predict differences in downstream processing performance.

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Limitations of Simple Powder Flow Measurements and Particle Size Analysis for Bulk Powder Characterisation

This work involved the application of a hydrophobic surface coating to fine aluminium particles and extensive characterisation of the resulting materials. The data illustrate how powder flow properties can be substantially altered, with negligible changes in particle size, and demonstrate the limitations of simple flow measurement techniques for assessing how changes in flowability will impact process performance.

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固结、预处理和充气粉体的流动性测量:一项使用粉体流变仪和旋转剪切盒的比较研究

本文采用富瑞曼FT4粉体流变仪提供的两种方法对粉体流动性测量值进行了比较。

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Optimising Unit Operations using the FT4 Powder Rheometer

A thorough understanding of how a bulk material will behave over a range of conditions, and in various phases of flow – whether stationary, in motion or about to move – is vital for designing and monitoring the unit operations and transfer systems that make up any given process.

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剪切盒测试数学推导参数的局限 (Limitations of Mathematically Derived Parameters from Shear Cell Testing)

剪切盒测试原为确定连续、粘性粉体在施加应力下流动初始而设计,用以模拟粉体在料斗或筒仓中的流动。要通过测试这种类型的粉体来理解料斗行为,相较于FT4其它方法,剪切盒测试技术稳健可靠,是个良好的补充测试。

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模具填充操作的设计空间开发 (Developing a Design Space for a Die Filling Operation)

制药行业常常要求精确、高速地填充毫克级别的剂量,以满足药片制造的严格标准和高产出要求。相较而言,大宗化学品和矿产业可能要将粉体装载到20吨的容器中,填充过程长,没有高精度要求的监管压力。

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表征石膏产品的批次差异特性表征 (Characterising Batch to Batch Variability in Gypsum Products)

石膏粉体在全世界各个行业中广泛应用,例如,在建筑业作为装饰材料或被动防火材料,在医疗应用中作为骨科石膏模的支撑材料。熟石膏粉很容易与水反应,形成石膏浆,制成所需的形状,然后放热固化形成固体。

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多元分析相较于剪切盒测试的优势 (The Benefits of Multivariate Analysis over Shear Cell Testing)

但该技术往往会应用于其原始范围之外的情况,尝试理解动态、低应力单元操作 (例如,混合、进料、输送、研磨和流化) 以及静止状态(例如,存储)。在这些情况下,剪切盒测试的结果是不确定的,无法准确区分工艺中不同的表现。

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粒径和形状对流动性的影响 (The Influence of Particle Size and Shape on Flow Properties)

粉体中颗粒的粒径和形状是影响其行为的重要因素,许多成熟的技术都可测量这些性质。

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使用FT4对湿团进行特性表征 (Characterising Wet Masses using the FT4)

与干粉相比,评估湿团的流动性,提供粉体对水分的响应这一宝贵的信息,不管这是生产过程中特定目的阶段 (例如,湿法造粒),还是暴露于湿度条件下的结果。

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使用FT4 粉体流变仪量化结块 (Quantifying Caking using the FT4 Powder Rheometer)

在本研究中,使用动态方法测量粉体样品结块前后的流动能量,以量化流动性的改变。

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小袋灌装 (Sachet Filling)

在整个生产过程中,小袋灌装过程必须确保均匀、一致,重量差异较小,含量均匀度较高。偏差过大不仅会带来财务风险,涉及到药物时还可能危及患者健康。这也发生在其它各种规格的灌装工艺中,例如,中型散装容器、麻袋、胶囊、冲模。

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辊压机过程参数对颗粒属性的影响 (The Influence of Roller Compactor Process Parameters on Granule Properties)

本应用案例详细阐述了英国 富瑞曼®科技和Gerteis Maschinen+ Processengineering AG共同展开的研究,以探寻过程参数如何 影响对照品干燥颗粒的属性。

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存储和处理的影响 (The Influence of Storage and Handling)

精确测量入厂原料过程相关属性的方法对于在各行业的广泛应用都大有益处。该应用涉及了对压片用辅料的评估,以及存储和处理条件的影响。

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Vorhersage der Durchflussleistung in Schneckenaufgebern (Predicting Flow Performance in Screw Feeders)

Diese Studie zeigt, wie man ein Design- und Betriebsmodell erstellt, das auf robusten Messungen der rheologischen Eigenschaften von Pulvern und der standardmäßigen MLR-Analyse (Multiple Linear Regression) basiert.

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Verstaendnis der Auswirkungen des Schnellmischens (Understanding the Impact of High-Shear Blending)

Durch die Vielfalt der Mischergrößen, -geometrien und -methoden kann die Leistung von Maschine zu Maschine variieren und es entstehen Mischungen mit unterschiedlichen Fließeigenschaften, die sich in den nachfolgenden Arbeitsgängen unterschiedlich verhalten.

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Quantifizierung des Anbackens mit dem FT4-Pulver-Rheometer (Quantifying Caking using the FT4 Powder Rheometer)

Die meisten Pulver erfahren durch die Bildung stärkerer Bindungen zwischen den Partikeln eine Erhöhung ihres Fließwiderstands. In einigen Fällen sind diese Veränderungen reversibel, aber oft hat das Pulver Oberflächenveränderungen erfahren, die zur Bildung dauerhafter Bindungen führen.

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Sachet-Abfuellung (Sachet Filling)

Es ist unerlässlich, dass der Sachet-Abfüllprozess eine gleichmäßige und einheitliche Befüllung über die gesamte Produktionsdauer bei geringer Gewichtsvariation und hoher Gleichmäßigkeit des Inhalts gewährleistet. Signifikante Abweichungen können sowohl finanzielle Risiken bergen als auch bei pharmazeutischen Pulvern die Gesundheit der Patienten gefährden.

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Der Einfluss der Walzenverdichter-Prozessparameter auf die Granulateigenschaften (Influence of Roller Compactor Process Parameters on Granule Properties)

Dieser Anwendungshinweis beschreibt die gemeinsame Studie von Freeman Technology Ltd. und Gerteis Maschinen+Processengineering AG, in der untersucht wird, wie Prozessparameter die Eigenschaften des Trockengranulats einer Placebo-Formel beeinflussen.

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せん断セル試験から数理的に導いたパラメータの限界 (Limitations of Mathematically Derived Parameters from Shear Cell Testing)

せん断セル試験は本来、付着性の高い粉体の連続的な初期流動を応力下で測定し、ホッパー/サイロからの流動をシミュレートするという目的で設計されました。この種の粉体を試験してホッパーの挙動を理解しようとする場合、せん断セル試験は堅実な手法であると言えます。

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粒径および粒子形状が流動特性に与える影響 (The Influence of Particle Size and Shape on Flow Properties)

このアプリケーションノートでは、さまざまな条件下で粒子径および粒子形状が粉体の流動性に与える影響について考察します。

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スクリューフィーダにおける流動性能の予測 (Predicting Flow Performance in Screw Feeders)

この調査では、粉体のレオロジー特性の確実な評価と標準的な多重線形回帰(MLR)分析に基づいた設計および運用モデルを構築する方法を示します。

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高せん断混合が与える影響の理解 (Understanding the Impact of High Shear Blending)

多くの業界において、粉体は高せん断混合操作において他の粉体、すなわち結合剤と混合され、さらなる下流の処理作業に適した均質な混合物を形成します。

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パウダーレオメータFT4を使用したケーキングの定量化 (Quantifying Caking using the FT4 Powder Rheometer)

この調査では、動的な手法を用いてケーキングが起きる前後の粉体サンプルの流動エネルギーを計測することで、流動性の変化を定量化しました。

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袋への充填 (Sachet Filling)

サシェ(小袋)は食品業界や製薬業界で幅広く用いられており、少量の粉体を扱いやすい形態で消費者に提供する場合に使用します。サシェへの充填プロセスでは、生産工程全体を通じて一貫性および均一性の高い充填を行うことにより、重量のばらつきを抑え、含有量の均一性を高めることが不可欠です。

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ダイ充填操作のための設計空間の開発 (Developing a Design Space for a Die Filling Operation)

充填重量や充填公差はさまざまですが、充填はすべての産業で一般的な操作です。製薬業界では、錠剤生産の厳しい基準を満たし高スループット要件を達成するため、ミリグラム単位の用量を正確かつ高速に充填する必要があります。

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石膏製品におけるバッチ間のばらつきの評価 (Characterising Batch to Batch Variability in Gypsum Products)

石膏粉末は、建設業界では仕上げ材として、または受動的な防火対策として用いられ、医療用途では整形外科用ギプスの支持材として用いられるなど、世界中のさまざまな業界において使用されています。

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FT4によるウェットマスの特性評価 (Characterising Wet Masses using the FT4 Powder Rheometer)

このため、ウェットマスの流動特性をドライパウダーとの比較で評価できれば、それが湿式造粒などの生産プロセスにおける意図的な段階であるか、または湿潤条件への露出結果であるかに関わらず、水分の存在に対する粉体の反応についての有益な情報を得ることができます。

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The Definitive Guide to Powder Characterization

This whitepaper showcases the analytical technology that Micromeritics offers to support the control and engineering of powder performance, from the structure of individual particles through to the flow of bulk powders. The aim is to provide an overview of how different techniques work, the data that can be generated and its value in industrial applications.

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Profitable Powder Processing - Enhancing Efficiency with the FT4 Powder Rheometer

This whitepaper summarises some of the key reasons that most often justify an investment in an FT4 Powder Rheometer, highlighting the rewards made accessible by the data the instrument generates.

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Optimising Powder Processing - The Benefits of Cohesion

Powders are often described as free-flowing or cohesive, with a typical perception that cohesive powders present processing challenges whereas free-flowing powders are relatively problem free. However, simple flow categories do not describe the breadth of behaviour that powders can exhibit, nor identify how this changes depending on the process environment. Furthermore, perspectives vary on how to quantify 'cohesion'.

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Improving Near-Net Shape Manufacturing through Optimisation of the Raw Material

Near Net Shape (NNS) manufacturing describes a range of techniques which produce components close to the final size and shape. This minimises the need for additional machining, potentially reducing production costs by up to 60%. It is used to manufacture ferrous and non-ferrous parts across a range of industries, from biomedicine to aerospace.

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Characterising Powder Flow Properties - the Need for a Multivariate Approach

This paper provides an introduction to powder rheology, including a comparison with traditional techniques, and uses case studies to demonstrate how powder rheology can be applied to optimise production processes and enhance quality.

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Measuring the Flow Properties of Consolidated, Conditioned and Aerated Powders

This paper compares powder flowability measurements using the two methodologies available from an FT4 Powder Rheometer.

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The Challenges of Powder Characterization

This article introduces the challenges associated with predicting powder flowability and discusses how understanding powder behaviour can benefit process performance. Published in Powder Bulk Engineering (July 2017)

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Development of a Multivariate Model for Predicting the Performance of Powder Feeders

This study is designed to evaluate the potential of rapidly generating a simple and robust performance model for two types of auger powder feeders based on the accurate determination of powder properties and using a standard multiple linear regression (MLR) technique.

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Using Powder Flow Measurements to Predict the Performance of Powder Feeders

This study demonstrates how it is possible to generate a design and operating model based around the measurement of robust rheological properties of powders and a standard multiple linear regression (MLR) technique.

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Quantifying Caking using the FT4 Powder Rheometer

In this study, the dynamic method was used to measure the flow energy of powder samples before and after caking to quantify changes in flowability.

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FT4 Powder Rheometer Overview Poster

A summary of the FT4 Powder Rheometer's methodologies: Dynamic Flowability, Aeration, Consolidation, Compressibility, Permeability and Shear Cell / Wall Friction.

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Understanding the Impact of High Shear Blending

It is important to understand the influence of any given unit operation on downstream performance, as incompatibility can lead to a product that is out of specification and not fit for purpose. Ensuring that downstream performance has not been detrimentally affected by upstream processes requires an understanding of how the powder and the process interact with each other.

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Predicting Flow Performance in Screw Feeders

This study, with Gericke AG, demonstrates how to generate a design and operating model based around robust measurements of rheological properties of powders and standard Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis.

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Comparison of Shear Cell Sizes on the FT4 Powder Rheometer

This application note compares the shear cell sizes available with the FT4 Powder Rheometer.

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Sachet Filling

Powder rheometry can identify properties of a powder or blend which result in uniform filling allowing for new formulations to be optimised.

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Developing a Design Space for a Die Filling Operation

Filling is a common operation across all industries, although fill weights and tolerances vary widely. The factors that influence efficiency will depend upon the type of equipment being used. Some systems are purely gravity driven, whilst others rely on force-feeding, or a combination of both. The influence of each of the two mechanisms will depend on the geometry of the feedframe, the flow rate through the press and powder characteristics.

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Characterising Batch to Batch Variability in Gypsum Products

A method of accurately quantifying differences in the properties of gypsum batches that are known to impact process performance is critical to ensuring batch consistency and product quality.

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Limitations of Mathematically Derived Parameters from Shear Cell Testing

Shear Cell testing was originally designed to determine the incipient flow of continuous, cohesive powders under applied stress in order to simulate flow from a hopper/silo. When testing powders of this type to understand hopper behaviour, Shear Cell testing is a robust and complementary technique to the other methodologies employed by the FT4 Powder Rheometer.

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Limitations and Risks of Flow Function Analysis

The results from shear cell tests can be graphically represented in several ways. The most reliable representation is a plot of the measured Shear Stress as a function of Applied Normal Stress, as these data are genuine representations of a powder’s ability to flow following consolidation.

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The Value of Measuring Force and Torque Dynamic Tests

During a Dynamic Flow test using the FT4 Powder Rheometer®, a patented helical blade descends through the powder bed along a precisely defined helical path. As it descends, the powder resists the motion of the blade both rotationally and axially, generating both torque and force on the blade. A unique and patented feature of the FT4 is the ability to measure both the axial force and rotational torque during Dynamic Flow tests.

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The Benefits of Multivariate Analysis over Shear Cell Analysis

Shear Cell testing is a well-established technique for measuring the incipient flow properties of a powder under consolidation, an important property with a strong correlation to powder behaviour in a hopper. However, the technique is often used beyond its original remit in an attempt to understand dynamic, lower-stress unit operations (such as blending, feeding, conveyance, milling and fluidisation) as well as static regimes such as storage. In these circumstances, shear cell test results can be inconclusive, and may not readily differentiate between samples that perform differently in the process.

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Using the FT4 Powder Rheometer to Evaluate Vibration Induced Consolidation

There are many types of process devices that employ vibration - feeders, sieves, discharge aids, compactors. Equally environmental from plant equipment, or that experienced during transportation, can impose unexpected packing changes on the powder and cause blockages. Correctly understanding how materials behave when subjected to vibration can be the difference between processing and significant down time.

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Automated Hopper Design Software

The Hopper Design Software from Freeman Technology could provide substantial savings for your company by allowing you to calculate hopper parameters using the FT4 Powder Rheometer.

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1ml Shear Cell - Measuring the Flow Properties of Small Samples

The Freeman Technology 1ml Shear Cell allows very small powder samples to be automatically tested, minimising the consumption of scarce and valuable material.

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Characterising Wet Masses using the FT4 Powder Rheometer

The presence of free water can fundamentally influence powder flow properties.

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The Influence of Storage and Handling

This application note considers the evaluation of bulk excipients for tableting and the impact of storage and handling conditions.

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FT4 Powder Rheometer Brochure - EN

The FT4 Powder Rheometer was originally designed to characterise the rheology, or flow properties, of powders. This remains a primary function today, but the instrument, accessories and methodologies have been continuously developed to the point where the FT4 is now considered a universal powder tester.

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Using the FT4 Powder Rheometer to Evaluate the Effects of Environmental Humidity

Humidity is an ever present feature in the atmosphere and the absorption/adsorption of moisture by powdered and bulk materials can lead to significant changes to their physical properties. This in turn can have a dramatic impact on powder behaviour resulting in intermittent flow, process interruptions and product quality issues.

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Quantifying the Effect of Caking by Powder Rheometry

This poster presents some key results from three case studies which evaluate the flow properties of three different powder systems that are affected by chemical, moisture and temperature based caking mechanisms. The study shows that, whatever the mechanism, the propensity to cake can be effectively quantified with respect to the powders' flow properties and how this, in turn, can assist with understanding and ultimately adapting the processing environment to limit caking and retain optimal processability.

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Measurement and Quantification of Caking in Powders

Significant numbers of materials in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, from raw feeds, additives and intermediates through to manufactured products, are sold as free-flowing, easily processable powders. This paper evaluates the change in flow properties of powders subjected to moisture. It shows how the propensity to cake can be effectively quantified with respect to the powders’ flow properties and how this can assist with understanding and adapting the processing environment to retain optimal processability. Moreover it shows how in some cases caking is not a homogeneous progression and how such non-homogeneity can be evaluated and quantified.

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Investigations into Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Caking and Crusting in Powders using Powder Rheology

This paper presents case studies which evaluate the flow properties of different powder systems that are affected by chemical, moisture and temperature based caking mechanisms. It shows how the propensity to cake can be effectively quantified with respect to the powders’ flow properties and how this can assist with understanding and adapting the processing environment to retain optimal processability.

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Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Caking and Crusting in Powders

Materials are often stored for extended periods during processing and some will gain strength due to particle/particle interaction. This is generally referred to as ‘caking’ which can detrimentally impact processability and product quality. This study identifies that powder rheometry provides a process relevant way of measuring properties that indicate the progression of caking as a function of time and relative humidity.

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Quantifying the Effect of Ambient Moisture on Powder Flow Properties

This study investigates the effect of exposing powders to increasing humidity and evaluating the changes to the powder’s dynamic flow, bulk, shear and aeration properties. Presented at AAPS 2012.

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Advanced Powder Characterisation Techniques for Process and Product Development

There are now technologies available that can assist in measuring relevant powder properties, this paper illustrates how recent developments in powder characterisation allows the prediction of material behaviour for optimal powder/process compatibility by means of illustrative examples.

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Using Powder Characterisation Methods to Assess Blending Behaviour

In this study we consider the informational requirements needed to achieve better blending, and highlight the potential value of dynamic powder testing in this context. Correlations of positron emission tomography (PET) data with flow energy measurements suggest that dynamic data may be a reliable predictor of blending behaviour and consequently useful for the development and optimisation of blending processes.

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Quantifying the Impact of Humidity on Powder Properties

Of the many factors that influence powder behaviour, moisture, or humidity, is perhaps one of the most instantly recognised. Adding even small amounts of water to a powder can transform its properties. This paper explores the application of dynamic, shear and bulk property measurements to assess in detail the impact of humidity and gather relevant knowledge. It includes experimental data that illustrate the breadth of response of different powders to the presence of moisture.

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Dynamic Testing Methods Pinpoint Parameters Suitable for Further Insight into In-Process Powder Behavior

Dynamic powder testing methods pinpoint parameters suitable for further insight into in-process powder behaviour. The use of a Powder Rheometer has enhanced powder testing capabilities at the research center of AZO GmbH + Co. KG, Osterburken, Germany. The powder tester has contributed positively to the company’s approach to equipment design and powder processing plant specification.

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Consolidation of Powders - How to Evaluate the Effect of Vibration Induced Powder Compaction through Flow Property Measurement

This paper will present comparisons between the Carr's Compressibility Index/Hauser Ratio and the Consolidation Index, derived from Dynamic testing, for a range of powders. The results are also contrasted with a range of standard parameters derived from untapped samples and show how the Dynamic and shear testing methodologies provides a much more useful characterisation for the powder technologist.

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The Characterisation of Bulk Material Properties – the Need for a Multivariate Approach

This paper will cover the measurement of dynamic, bulk and shear properties of powders and how a comprehensive knowledge of this wide range of powder properties can help with the design and troubleshooting of particular processes by using specific examples.

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Controlling the Impact of Humidity

There is a widespread misconception that any moisture worsens powder properties, but in practice all materials respond differently. This article examines efficient methods for quantifying the impact of humidity and presents illustrative data for limestone and microcrystalline cellulose, two very different industrially important powders. The results show how multi-faceted powder characterisation gives comprehensive insight into the effect of moisture uptake, providing a sound basis upon which to develop effective strategies for humidity control.

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Modern Pharmaceuticals Interview: The Importance of Efficient Powder Processing

In this interview, Tim Freeman discusses Freeman Technology’s approach to characterising powders, and the unique benefits the FT4 Powder Rheometer provides in measuring process-relevant powder behaviour.

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10 Years in Powders. Making Powders and Processes Fit

Significant efforts have been made to understand how the powder properties measured by modern universal powder testers relate to in-process behavior. This ‘work in progress’ holds the key to a better powder processing future across all industry sectors.With reproducible, relevant powder characterization now a reality, there is an opportunity to understand how to formulate and tailor powder blends, and select and design process equipment, that have the compatibility necessary for long-term, efficient manufacturing.

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Understanding Powder Caking

Caking, or unwanted agglomeration, presents major problems in powder processing, capable of making even those powders that are normally free-flowing and easily processable, challenging. Its control depends on understanding the influence of, and closely managing, environmental conditions. Modern powder testers help make the link between different variables and the tendency towards caking, providing useful information for the determination of an optimal environment.

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Modern Tools for Hopper Design

This study reviews the application of the Hopper Design Software package for the FT4 Powder Rheometer. Drawing on the characterization capabilities of this universal powder tester, the software improves access to well-established hopper design methodologies, speeding up and simplifying compilation and interpretation of the required data.

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Process Relevant Powder Characterization - A Powerful Tool for Development and Troubleshooting

This article examines modern strategies for powder characterization in the pharmaceutical industry, with reference to commonly used technologies. It explores the value of systems that offer multiple methodologies in a single instrument, examining the way they provide a cost- and time- effective route to generating data that support product development and process operation.

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Predicting the In-Process Behaviour of Powders

A knowledge of which existing formulations do or do not process well, in conjunction with comprehensive powder characterization, enables the processing behavior of new powders to be predicted before they are introduced into a plant.

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Quantifying Experience in Powder Processing

Enshrined in the concept of Quality by Design is the premise that optimized pharmaceutical manufacturing requires detailed understanding of products and processes. With this in mind, many benefits can be achieved by combining modern powder characterization techniques with real processing experience.

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Investigating the Confined and Unconfined Flow Behavior of Powders

This paper examines the mechanisms associated with powder flow, contrasting the way in which materials behave when confined and unconfined. The different extrusion behaviour of cohesive and non-cohesive powders and their ability to switch from 'good' to 'bad' flowability is described.

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Discrete Element Simulations of a Powder Rheometer: A Study of Particle Property Effects

A numerical study of the Freeman Powder Rheometer using discrete element computer simulation (DEM). To understand the effect of particle properties such as particle size, shape, cohesion etc. on the experimental and numerical measurements made using the rheometer. Presented at AAPS 2008.

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Measuring Powder Characteristics relating to Forced Flow into Confined Spaces using a Universal Powder Tester

Very cohesive powders can behave like a fluid when pressurised or subjected to forced flow. Such powders may extrude like toothpaste, whereas normally free flowing powders will resist forced flow. This study focuses on understanding these characteristics and determining how they correlate with the known powder flowability parameters that describe dynamic flow behaviour, shear properties and bulk properties including permeability and compressibility.

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Assessing Powder Stability

Some powders appear inherently variable, sensitive to the slightest change in conditions, while others are much more forgiving. Stability testing assesses this critical aspect of powder behavior.

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Intelligent Powder Processing

In this paper we discuss how powder processors experiences can be fully exploited by correlating process observations with measurable powder parameters. Using process relevant powder characterisation brings improved process understanding, which in turn leads to cost reductions and a lowering of the risks associated with change.

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Powder Testing for Quality Control Applications

Quality Control is a vital part of any manufacturing process. Verifying the properties and consistency of both feed materials and products is critical in ensuring efficient process operation and customer satisfaction.

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Testing Powders in Process Relevant Ways

A review of powder handling processing issues and how knowledge of key powder properties can be correlated with processing experience to improve productivity and product quality.

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The Importance of Air Content on the Rheology of Powders - an Empirical Study using the FT4 Powder Rheometer

A study of how the rheological properties of powders are greatly influenced by the presence or absence of air. Presented at Particulate Systems Analysis 2003, Harrogate, UK - August 2003.

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预测螺旋加料器中的流动性能 (Predicting Flow Performance in Screw Feeders)

该研究展示了如何基于稳定的粉体流变特性测量和标准多元线性回归 (MLR) 分析生成设计和操作模型。

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The Importance of Air Content on the Rheology of Powders - an Empirical Study using the FT4 Powder Rheometer

Powders are sometimes considered to be relatively stable entities like the individual solid particles that make up their mass. This is not the case however, since their rheological properties can change by factors of between 100 and 1,000 in the presence of air. This paper describes how a powder can be characterized in relation to air content using methods that provide reproducible data from which databases on powder flow properties can be created. Published in American Laboratory News - 2004

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The Value of Powder Testing

The Value of Powder Testing assesses the economic benefits that a powder tester can deliver and explains how these may vary depending on the instrumentation selected.

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Choosing a Powder Tester

Choosing a Powder Tester reviews the range of techniques available for powder characterisation. Powder Testing techniques that allow users to understand and control both the product and manufacturing process therefore deliver substantial value.

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An Introduction to Powders

An Introduction to Powders explains how and why powders behave the way they do, and how this impacts powder flow.

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FT4 Powder Rheometer - Summary of Methdologies

FT4 Powder Rheometer - Universal Powder Flow Tester - Methodologies