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Powder Behaviour in 3D Printing

Generating the layers of powder is a precision process and requires a feedstock that can be reliably distributed by the delivery system and that is deposited on to the fabrication bed in a consistent manner without agglomerates or voids. Intermittent flow, or agglomerates within the bulk, will cause non-uniform deposition, adversely affecting the efficiency of the process and the properties of the final product.

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Learning to predict print quality from AM powder properties

This whitepaper reviews a study carried out by Dr Reza Baserinia (De Montfort University, Leicester, UK) who made a detailed physical assessment of commercially available polyamide powders (PA12) to assess both their rheological properties and their performance in a Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machine.

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Applications of the FT4 in Additive Manufacturing - Part 2

Experimental data show how the instrument can relevantly quantify the impact of processing strategies to support the optimisation of AM powders.

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Developing an Additive Manufacturing Suitability Factor

Discusses work by researchers at the Ecole de Technologie Superieure (Montreal, Canada) to define an AM Suitability (AMS) factor and the subsequent use of this concept by researchers from Oerlikon AM (Feldkirchen, Germany). This work provides evidence of the potential to use dynamic, shear and bulk properties, all measured with the FT4 Powder Rheometer to confirm printability.

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粉体流动性测试应用于增材制造行业

本手册集合了我们对于粉体性能，尤其是流动性等关键问题的理解，这些性能也将决定粉体在AM工艺中的表现。

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Powder Flow Testing for Additive Manufacturing

This booklet draws together our understanding of the properties that define the performance of powders in AM processes, focusing on the critical issue of powder flow.

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Preparation Techniques and Storage Conditions on the Flow Properties of Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks

This study investigates the relationships between the flow properties of two batches of a stainless steel powder, with varying particle sizes, and their preparation process and subsequent storage conditions. The results demonstrate how different baking processes can influence flow properties that are known to affect AM performance and also highlight how powders with different particle sizes respond differently to the same preparation and storage conditions.

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FT4在增材制造中的应用 (Applications of the FT4 in Additive Manufacturing)

控制粉体性能对于过程效率和成品质量至关重要。当形成粉层时，粉体流动和装填方式决定了该性能的各个方面。原料的多变性会导致松装密度不一致、粉层不均匀、抗张强度低以及表面光洁度差。

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用于3D打印的聚合物 (Polymers for 3D Printing)

选择性激光烧结 (SLS) 是一种增材制造技术，常用于快速成型和功能性组件的小批量生产。整个过程采用激光束烧结粉体材料，使其粘结在一起，形成一种固体结构。

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Andwendung des FT4 in der Additiven Fertigung (Applications of the FT4 Powder Rheometer in Additive Manufacturing)

Wie das Pulver fließt und wie sich die Schichten bilden, sind die bestimmenden Aspekte dieser Leistung. Variationen im Ausgangsmaterial können eine ungleichmäßige Schüttdichte, uneinheitliche Schichtanordnung, geringe Zugfestigkeit und eine schlechte Oberflächengüte zur Folge haben.

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Polymere fuer den 3D-dreck (Polymers for 3D Printing)

Selektives Laser-Sintern (SLS) ist eine additive Fertigungstechnik, die typischerweise für das schnelle Prototyping und die Kleinserienfertigung von Funktionsteilen eingesetzt wird.

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AM (ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING)におけるFT4のアプリケーション (Applications of the FT4 in Additive Manufacturing)

粉体のパフォーマンスは、粉体がどのように流動し、どのように固まって層を形成するかによって決まります。 原材料にばらつきがあると、かさ密度と積層が不均一になり、伸張強度および表面の仕上げが低下する可能性があります。

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３Dプリンター用ポリマー樹脂 (Polymers for 3D Printing)

均一で再現できる層ができる粉体特性を確認することで、適合性を評価するプロセスで原料を使用する場合に余分なコストと時間をかけず、最適化された新しい配合や、適切な原料を特定できます。 この方法を用いれば、仕様から外れた最終製品の製造を低減できます

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Optimising Process Performance through Powder Rheology

This study uses the FT4 Powder Rheometer to evaluate dynamic flow, bulk and shear properties in two case studies.

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Enhancing the Use & Reuse of Metal Powder for Additive Manufacturing

This presentation describes how powder rheometry is being applied to develop an increased understanding of how powders perform in AM processes.

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Application of Powder Rheology for Evaluating the Flow Behaviour of Powders for Additive Manufacturing

This study investigates the flow behaviour of samples of a commonly used titanium alloy sources from different suppliers and produced using different manufacturing methods.

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Applications of the FT4 Powder Rheometer in Additive Manufacturing

The results of this study demonstrate the need for relevant and comprehensive powder characterisation, particularly in AM processes which rely heavily on precise and accurate layer deposition, which can only be assured by the use of powders with suitable and consistent properties

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Optimising Additive Manufacturing with the FT4 Powder Rheometer

The results of this study demonstrate the need for relevant and comprehensive powder characterisation, particularly in AM processes which rely heavily on precise and accurate layer deposition, which can only be assured by the use of powders with suitable and consistent properties.

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The Application of Powder Rheology in Additive Manufacturing

This paper uses four case studies to demonstrate the limitations of single parameter characterisation and how the rheological properties of several metal powders used in Additive Manufacturing (AM) applications are used to establish in-process performance.

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Powder Rheology of Steel Powders for Additive Manufacturing

Powder rheology provides a novel tool for advanced evaluation of dry flow properties of metal powders. In this study, four similar stainless-steel MIM powders aimed for additive manufacturing were characterized with a Powder Rheometer. The research showed that powder rheology is a powerful tool for identification of the suitable flow properties related to specific processes.

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Polymers for 3D Printing

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technique typically used for rapid prototyping and low volume production of functional components. The process employs a laser beam to sinter powdered material, binding it together to create a solid structure. The laser selectively fuses pre‐defined areas of a powder bed by scanning cross‐sections generated from a 3D digital description of the required part. After each cross‐section is scanned, a new layer of material is applied on top, and the process is repeated until the part is completed.

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